Market Research:
- Unauthorised use of personal data
- Intrusive questions
- Coercion
- Deception around purpose/use of research
- Causing embarrassment/hindrance/offence
Target Marketing:
- Vulnerable consumers
- Marketing to children
- Customer exclusion (poor, racial & ethnic minorities, older consumers)
Products:
- Kotler’s classification of products (e.g. Deficient products or Immediately satisfying products with negative long-term effects)
- Product safety
- Packaging issues
- Planned obsolescence
- Emotional appeals in branding
Price:
- Anti-competitive pricing (predatory pricing, price fixing)
- Price discrimination between consumers
- Price deception (hidden costs)
- Artificial promotions/sales
- Price gouging (exceptionally high prices due to demand)
Promotion:
- Untruthful advertising
- Artificial endorsements
- Misleading comparisons
- Advertorials
- Product placements
- Reinforcing negative stereotypes
- Unauthorised direct mail
- Prizes with strings attached
- Intrusiveness
Distribution (Place):
- Channel stuffing
- Bribes/gifts
- Price fixing
- Allowances/limits
