Market Research:

• Unauthorised use of personal data
• Intrusive questions
• Coercion
• Deception around purpose/use of research
• Causing embarrassment/hindrance/offence

Target Marketing:

• Vulnerable consumers
• Marketing to children
• Customer exclusion (poor, racial & ethnic minorities, older consumers)

Products:

• Kotler’s classification of products (e.g. Deficient products or Immediately satisfying products with negative long-term effects)
• Product safety
• Packaging issues
• Planned obsolescence
• Emotional appeals in branding

Price:

• Anti-competitive pricing (predatory pricing, price fixing)
• Price discrimination between consumers
• Price deception (hidden costs)
• Artificial promotions/sales
• Price gouging (exceptionally high prices due to demand)

Promotion:

• Untruthful advertising
• Artificial endorsements
• Misleading comparisons
• Advertorials
• Product placements
• Reinforcing negative stereotypes
• Unauthorised direct mail
• Prizes with strings attached
• Intrusiveness

Distribution (Place):

• Channel stuffing
• Bribes/gifts
• Price fixing
• Allowances/limits