The planned approach
The four-phase planned model was developed by Bullock and Batten (1985):
- Exploration phase
- Planning phase
- Action phase
- Integration phase
The emergent approach
The emergent approach is less prescriptive than the planned approach, and takes into account the dynamic and complex nature of organisations, focusing more on bottom-up changes.
There are five key areas that help or hinder the change process:
- Organisational structure
- Organisational culture
- Organisational learning
- Managerial behaviour
- Power and politics
(Source: B628, Managing and managing people).